Academic+Articles+on+the+Holocaust

=Academic Articles on the Holocaust= = = Philadelphia’s memorial ceremony for the 6 million represents a time to remember and retell

Arie Shnaper is a Holocaust survivor who had dedicated his life to sharing his story with the world and being what he considers a “Holocaust Activist” (Edelman, 2009). He was most well known for being one of the founding fathers of the United Partisan Organization, aka UPO—a group of Jewish residents of the Vilna ghetto whose goal was to act out against the German army and fight for their survival (Edelman, 2009). They attempted to do this by gathering weapons, sabotage the German army when possible, and to resist when the Germans attempted to liquidate the ghetto. The organization actually began in 1943. When the Germans started the transportation of the residents in the Vilna ghetto, Shnaper persuaded a group of them not to go because he knew that they were actually being transported to a harsher ghetto where they were going to be executed. Shnaper escaped the transportation with his newly formed organization (UPO), and began their attempt in fighting back at the Nazis. They helped to destroy power and water infrastructures, freed prisoners, and blew up some military trains (citation). One of his most proud accomplishments was his help in the building of the Six Million Jewish Martyrs monument—which is the first public monument to the victims of the Nazi Holocaust to be erect in America (Edelman, 2009).

Defying Orders, Saving Lives

During the Holocaust, officers were given direct orders not to hand out visa’s to Jews. They were even taught ways to justify the Rejection of a visa for a Jew who they knowingly deserved one. This articles shows how immoral the actions of the German officers were, and also in contrast, it shows how some of the German officers saved lives by disobeying the orders of their government. Most German officers played it safe by denying visa’s so that they wouldn’t be fired from their position of duty. Many, in fact were enthusiastic about their position in rejecting Jewish people to get visa’s. On the other hand, however, many officers risked their careers, reputations and ever their lives to save Jews who they knew were going to be sent to death if they didn’t issue them a visa. They did so because they believed that their government was asking them to do something completely irrational and immoral. The article goes on to mention a few legendary men who were recognized for their bravery during WWII; Raoul Wallenberg, who was killed by the Soviets because they believed that he was a syp. Sousa Mendes is also recognized as a brave hero in this time period. He was an officer who did not believe in what his government was doing, and gave out as many visas to Jews as he possibly could. This article also attempts to compare these evens of WWII to the events happening now concerning the War on Iraq. Ever since the invasion in 2003, the U.S. Government has only allowed 466 Iraqi refugees into the States (Holbrooke, 2007).


 * ALL ACADEMIC ARTICLES:**

Burker, J. (2007). “Religion and Atrocity: The Influence of Religion on Perpetrators, Bystanders and Victims During the Holocaust.” // Journal of Beliefs and Values: Studies in // // Religion and Education, 28, // 151-161. Academic Search Premier Document ID: 10.1080/131617670701485755.

Cohen, R. (2000). “The Lost Honour of Bystanders? The Case of Jewish Emissaries in Switzerland.” // Journal of Holocaust Education, 9 //, 146-170. Academic Search Premier Accession Number: 7353205

Edelman, B.L. (2009). “Philadelphia's Memorial Ceremony for the 6 Million Represents a Time to Remember & Retell.” Newspaper Jewish Exponent, // 226. // [] Holbrooke, Richard. (May 2007). "Defying Orders, Saving Lives." __Foreign Affairs__ 86.3: 135-138. __Academic Search Premier__. EBSCO. 11 Mar. 2009 [] Lipstadt, Deborah L. (Oct. 1990). [|Modern Judaism], Vol. 10, No. 3, Review of Developments in Modern Jewish Studies, Part 1, pp. 283-296. Oxford University Press. [] __ Reading The Holocaust __. New York: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Unknown. (2002). "U.N. Secretary General on World Criminal Court.” //__ Historical Documents Series __////, 605-612 //// . // //February 16, 2009 ////. CQP Electronic Library (Primary Document) Document ID: hsdc02-151-7253-395068 //

Unknown. (1997). “Report on How ‘Neutral Aided Nazi Germany.’” //__ Historical Documents Series Online Edition __//// ,1, //251-272. February 16, 2009. CQP Electronic Library (Primary Documents) Document ID: hsc97-0000036389